The Rashidun Caliphate was the first Islamic caliphate, ruling from 632 to 661 CE, immediately following the death of the Prophet Muhammad. "Rashidun" means "rightly guided," reflecting the belief that these caliphs ruled in accordance with the teachings of Islam. The caliphate was founded by AbuBakr, one of Muhammad's closest companions, who succeeded him as the first caliph. He was followed by Umar, Uthman, and Ali, all of whom were chosen by a council of Muslim elders known as the shura.

The Rashidun Caliphate is often seen as a golden age of Islamic expansion and governance. Under the leadership of the four caliphs, the Muslim community, or ummah, expanded rapidly, conquering vast territories, including the Byzantine and Sassanian empires. This expansion was driven by a combination of religious zeal, military prowess, and the weakness of the empires that the Muslims faced.

The Rashidun Caliphs are also known for their adherence to Islamic principles of justice, simplicity, and humility. They ruled with consultation, following the example set by Muhammad, and were known for their piety and devotion to Islam. However, the period was not without its challenges, including internal conflicts, particularly the civil wars that erupted following the assassination of Uthman and the subsequent rivalry between Ali and the Umayyad clan.