| National Factbook |
| Flag: |
|
| Nation Name: |
Pakistaan |
| Leader Name: |
Marth |
| Currency: |
Pakistani Rupee |
| National Animal: |
Golden eagle |
| History: |
Pakistan's history encompasses a rich tapestry, stretching from ancient civilizations to modern nationhood. The region has been the site of various empires, including the Indus Valley Civilization, the Mauryan Empire, and the Mughal Empire, each leaving its mark on the land and its people. The British Raj brought about a period of colonial rule, eventually leading to the creation of Pakistan through the Partition of India in 1947, a pivotal moment in the country's history. Post-independence, Pakistan has faced challenges and transformations, including political instability, economic fluctuations, and regional conflicts.
Ancient Civilizations and Empires:
Indus Valley Civilization:
One of the world's oldest urban civilizations, the Indus Valley Civilization flourished in the region, known for its sophisticated urban planning, standardized weights and measures, and advanced trade networks.
Mauryan Empire:
The Mauryan Empire, under Chandragupta Maurya and Ashoka, extended its influence across much of South Asia, including what is now Pakistan. Ashoka's embrace of Buddhism played a significant role in the empire's religious and cultural landscape.
Mughal Empire:
The Mughal Empire, founded by Babur, brought a unique blend of Persian, Indian, and Islamic cultures to the region. Their rule left a lasting legacy in architecture, art, and administration.
Other Dynasties:
Over centuries, various other dynasties, including the Sakas, Indo-Greeks, and Kushans, ruled different parts of the region, contributing to its diverse cultural heritage.
British Colonial Rule and the Pakistan Movement:
British East India Company:
The British East India Company gradually established its dominance in the region, eventually leading to the establishment of British India.
All-India Muslim League:
The All-India Muslim League, founded in 1906, played a key role in the movement for a separate Muslim homeland.
Muhammad Ali Jinnah:
A prominent leader of the Muslim League, Jinnah advocated for a separate nation for Muslims and became the founder of Pakistan.
Partition of India:
In 1947, British India was partitioned, and Pakistan was created as a separate nation, with the Muslim-majority areas of the Indian subcontinent forming Pakistan.
Post-Independence Pakistan:
Early Challenges:
The partition led to widespread displacement and violence, as well as political and economic instability.
Ayub Khan's Rule:
The period under Ayub Khan, from 1958 to 1969, saw economic growth and modernization, but also faced challenges, including the 1965 Indo-Pakistani War.
1971 Indo-Pakistani War:
This war resulted in the separation of East Pakistan, which became Bangladesh.
Bhutto's Rule:
Zulfiqar Ali Bhutto's rule was marked by socialist policies and efforts to address socio-economic disparities.
Military Regimes:
Pakistan has experienced periods of military rule, with figures like General Zia-ul-Haq playing significant roles in the country's political landscape.
Challenges and Transformations:
Pakistan has continued to grapple with issues of political instability, economic challenges, and regional conflicts, while also undergoing significant social and cultural transformations. |
| Geography |
| Continent: |
Asia |
| Land Area: |
804.67 sq. km |
| Terrain: |
Pakistan's terrain is incredibly diverse, ranging from the towering Karakoram and Himalayan mountains in the north to the hot, arid plains of Balochistan and Sindh, and finally the Arabian Sea coast in the south. The country is also home to the Indus River and its tributaries, which have shaped the fertile plains of Punjab.
Detailed Breakdown:
Northern Mountains:
The northern region is characterized by high-altitude mountain ranges including the Karakoram, Himalayas, and Hindu Kush. The Karakoram Range, where K2 (Chogori) resides, is known for its deep valleys, sharp cliffs, and numerous glaciers.
Plateaus:
The Deosai Plateau in Gilgit-Baltistan is considered the highest in the world, surrounded by snowy mountains and glaciers.
Plains:
The Indus River and its tributaries have created vast, fertile plains, particularly in Punjab. These plains are further divided into various sub-regions, including the Trans-Indus Plains, Upper Indus Plains, and Doabs.
Deserts and Arid Regions:
Balochistan and Sindh experience hot, dry conditions with deserts and arid landscapes.
Coastal Region:
Pakistan's coastline along the Arabian Sea features golden beaches. The Sindh Coast and Makran Coast are key parts of this region.
Submontane Plateaus:
Located south of the northern mountains, this region includes the Trans-Indus Plains, Potwar Plateau, Salt Range, and the Sialkot region.
Irrigation:
The Indus Basin has been heavily utilized for irrigation, with dams like Tarbela Dam and Mangla Dam playing a vital role. |
| Highest Peak: |
K2, 8,611 meters |
| Lowest Valley: |
Kaghan Valley, 650 meters |
| Climate: |
Pakistan experiences a diverse climate, ranging from hot, arid conditions in the south to cooler, mountainous regions in the north. The country's climate is influenced by its location in the temperate zone, with four distinct seasons: a cool, dry winter (December-February), a hot, dry spring (March-May), a summer monsoon season (June-September), and a retreating monsoon season (October-November). Inter-annual rainfall variations can lead to both floods and droughts.
Detailed Climate Characteristics:
Sub-Tropical Continental Low Lands:
Interior areas like the Punjab and Sindh provinces, as well as the Peshawar valley, experience a generally arid and extreme climate with long, hot summers and short, cool winters. Jacobabad and Sibbi are among the hottest places in the country.
Northern Uplands and Himalayas:
The northern regions, including the Himalayas, experience progressively cooler temperatures as altitude increases. Monsoons can bring significant rainfall to these areas.
Temperature Extremes:
Pakistan has experienced extreme temperatures, with a high of 53.7 °C (128.66 °F) recorded in Turbat, Balochistan, in 2017.
Rainfall Patterns:
While much of the country receives little rainfall, the monsoon season brings significant moisture to the northern regions.
Monsoon Influence:
The southwest monsoon (June-September) brings heavy rainfall to the northern regions, while the retreating monsoons (October-November) can also contribute to rainfall in some areas.
El Niño Influence:
El Niño events can significantly impact climate variability in Pakistan, with both temperature and flood frequency variations correlated with the cycle.
Climate Change Impacts:
Global warming is causing glaciers in the Hindukush-Karakoram-Himalaya (HKH) region to recede, impacting water security for Pakistan. Increased temperatures and changes in precipitation patterns are also posing challenges to food security and the agrarian economy.
Climate Risk:
Pakistan is ranked among the most vulnerable countries to climate change impacts, with significant economic and human losses.
Thermal Classification:
Pakistan's thermal classification ranges from Tundra to Megathermal, depending on the season and region. During the summer, many areas experience Megathermal conditions, while the northern regions show Moderate Mesothermal to Mesothermal climate.
Seasonal Variations:
The country experiences a range of climate conditions throughout the year, with seasonal variations in temperature and precipitation.
Aridity and Semi-Aridity:
A significant portion of Pakistan's land area is considered arid or semi-arid, with less than 250 mm of rainfall per year. |
| People & Society |
| Population: |
2,524 people |
| Demonym: |
Pakistani |
| Demonym Plural: |
Pakistanis |
| Ethnic Groups: |
Punjabi - 39.0%
Pashtun - 18.2%
Sindhi - 14.6% |
| Languages: |
Punjabi - 39.0%
Pashto - 16.0%
Saraiki - 14.0% |
| Religions: |
Islam - 96.3%
Hinduism - 2.2%
Christianity - 1.4% |
| Health |
| Life Expectancy: |
66 years |
| Obesity: |
58.1% |
| Alcohol Users: |
99% |
| Tobacco Users: |
19.7% |
| Cannabis Users: |
3.6% |
| Hard Drug Users: |
6% |
| Economy |
| Description: |
Pakistan's economy is a developing, middle-income economy with a complex history marked by periods of growth and challenges. It has a diverse structure, including agriculture, industry, and services, with agriculture playing a significant role. The economy has faced recurring issues like high inflation, a weak currency, and balance of payments deficits. However, Pakistan has also demonstrated resilience and growth in certain sectors, particularly agriculture, and has benefited from improvements in the agricultural sector.
Historical Context:
Pakistan's economy has been influenced by both its historical development and global economic trends.
The British colonial period saw a decline in economic growth.
Since independence, the economy has experienced significant growth, but has also faced challenges in closing the gap with richer nations.
The late 1990s saw a debt crisis and concerns over external debt default.
Key Sectors:
Agriculture: A major contributor to GDP, particularly in rural areas. Recent improvements in the agriculture sector have positively impacted the overall economy.
Industry: Includes large-scale manufacturing (LSM), which has seen fluctuations but is expected to rebound.
Services: A growing sector, including trade, finance, and tourism.
Economic Challenges:
Inflation:
Pakistan has faced periods of high inflation, impacting consumer prices and economic stability.
Debt:
Public debt levels have been a concern, with concerns about sustainability and default risks.
Balance of Payments:
Persistent deficits have required interventions and adjustments.
Unemployment:
Unemployment rates have fluctuated, with challenges in addressing poverty and inequality.
Climate Change:
Climate change poses significant threats to agriculture and infrastructure, impacting economic activities.
Recent Performance:
In FY2024, the economy showed a moderate recovery, despite global challenges.
GDP growth was 2.5% in FY2024, building on the stabilization achieved in the previous year.
Inflation is trending downward, and the external sector has stabilized.
The agricultural sector has recorded high growth in the last 19 years, contributing to food security and price stability.
Government Policies and Interventions:
The government has implemented various macroeconomic policies to stabilize the economy and address inflationary pressures.
Monetary and fiscal measures have been taken to manage economic challenges.
Efforts are underway to enhance fiscal and external account stability.
The government is focusing on attracting investments in key sectors like agriculture, mining, and IT.
Social protection systems are being strengthened to address poverty and vulnerability.
Future Prospects:
The economy is expected to have favorable external and domestic economic prospects, with continued growth and stability.
Continued efforts are needed to address challenges like inflation and debt, and to promote sustainable and inclusive growth.
Further strengthening of the agriculture sector and diversification of the economy are key priorities. |
| Average Yearly Income: |
$80.19 |
| Gross Domestic Product (GDP): |
$872,965.00 |
| GDP per Capita: |
$345.70 |
| Gross National Income (GNI): |
$834,025.00 |
| Industries: |
Pakistan's industrial sector is diverse, with significant contributions from manufacturing, mining, and resource extraction. Key industries include textiles, food processing, cement, steel, and oil & gas. While the manufacturing sector is a substantial contributor to the economy, it faces challenges in terms of competitiveness and technological advancements.
Detailed Overview:
Manufacturing:
Pakistan's manufacturing sector is a major employer and contributes significantly to GDP. Key manufacturing industries include:
Textiles: Pakistan is a leading global textile producer, with a strong presence in cotton spinning, weaving, and garment manufacturing.
Food Processing: The food processing industry is substantial, encompassing various products like grains, oils, dairy products, and processed foods.
Cement and Steel: The construction sector relies heavily on locally produced cement and steel.
Automotive: The automotive industry, including assembly and parts manufacturing, is also a significant player.
Electronics: While still developing, the electronics industry is growing, with a focus on consumer electronics and related components.
Mining and Resource Extraction:
Pakistan has a diverse range of mineral resources, including coal, oil, gas, and other metals.
Oil and Gas: Pakistan's first oil field was discovered in the early 1960s. The country has five main oil refineries with a combined processing capacity of approximately 450,000 barrels per day.
Coal Mining: Pakistan produces bituminous, sub-bituminous, and lignite coal.
Uranium: Pakistan produces around 40-45 tonnes of uranium annually.
Challenges and Opportunities:
Technological Advancements: The manufacturing sector needs to embrace technological advancements to enhance productivity and quality.
Competition: Pakistani industries face competition from both domestic and international players.
Infrastructure: Improving infrastructure, including transportation and energy, is crucial for industrial growth.
Export Promotion: Enhancing export capabilities and diversifying export markets is essential for economic growth.
In summary, Pakistan's industrial sector is diverse and contributes significantly to the economy. However, there is a need for modernization, technological advancements, and infrastructure improvements to ensure sustainable and competitive growth |
| Military |
| History: |
he Pakistani military, also known as the Pakistan Armed Forces, comprises three main branches: the Pakistan Army, the Pakistan Air Force, and the Pakistan Navy. It is a significant military power, with a history of serving in various roles including national defense and domestic peacekeeping operations.
Key aspects of the Pakistani military:
Pakistan Army:
The largest branch, with a significant number of active and reserve personnel. It has a storied history, including participation in the India-Pakistan wars and various peacekeeping missions.
Pakistan Air Force:
A well-equipped air force with a substantial fleet of aircraft, including fighter jets, bombers, and transport aircraft. It plays a crucial role in air defense and offensive operations.
Pakistan Navy:
Responsible for maritime security and defense, with a fleet of warships and submarines. The navy is tasked with protecting Pakistan's coastline and naval interests.
Other notable aspects:
Military Coups:
Pakistan has a history of military coups, with military rule lasting for several decades in the past.
Global Ranking:
Al Jazeera reports that Pakistan is ranked as the 12th strongest military in the world according to Global Firepower's 2025 rankings.
Nuclear Capabilities:
Pakistan possesses nuclear weapons, which are a key part of its defense strategy.
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| Soldiers: |
0 |
| Tanks: |
0 |
| Aircraft: |
0 |
| Ships: |
0 |
| Missiles: |
0 |
| Nuclear Weapons: |
0 |
| Last Updated: 06/05/2025 04:16 am |
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