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| National Factbook |
| Flag: |
 |
| Nation Name: |
Islamic Republic of Pakistan |
| Leader Name: |
M Omar Farooq |
| Currency: |
Pakistani Rupee |
| National Animal: |
Bald eagle |
| History: |
The Islamic Republic of Pakistan has a rich and complex history that spans thousands of years, marked by cultural, political, and social transformations. Here is a brief overview of key historical periods in the formation of Pakistan:
### Ancient Civilization:
- The region that is now Pakistan has a deep historical connection, with evidence of ancient civilizations dating back to the Bronze Age. The Indus Valley Civilization, one of the world's oldest urban cultures, flourished in this area around 3300 BCE.
### Islamic Conquest and Medieval Period:
- With the advent of Islam in the 7th century, the region became part of the Islamic Caliphate through conquests led by Arab and Persian rulers. Over the centuries, the region saw the establishment of various Islamic empires, including the Ghaznavid, Ghurid, and Delhi Sultanate.
### Mughal Empire:
- The Mughal Empire, one of the most influential empires in South Asian history, ruled the subcontinent from the 16th to the 19th century. During this time, the region witnessed significant cultural, architectural, and economic development.
### British Colonial Rule:
- In the 19th century, the British East India Company expanded its control over the Indian subcontinent. By the mid-20th century, the struggle for independence gained momentum, leading to the eventual partition of British India in 1947.
### Partition and Independence:
- On August 14, 1947, Pakistan emerged as an independent state, carved out of British India based on the Two-Nation Theory, which asserted the distinct identity of Hindus and Muslims. The new state was founded to provide a homeland for Muslims, and it initially consisted of two wings – East Pakistan (present-day Bangladesh) and West Pakistan (present-day Pakistan).
### Early Years and Constitution:
- Muhammad Ali Jinnah, the founder of Pakistan, became its first Governor-General until his death in 1948. In 1956, Pakistan adopted its first constitution, declaring itself an Islamic Republic. Over the years, the country underwent several constitutional changes, reflecting its evolving political landscape.
### Wars and Conflicts:
- Pakistan has been involved in several conflicts with its neighbor, India, over territorial disputes, with major wars occurring in 1947-48, 1965, and 1971. The latter resulted in the creation of Bangladesh as an independent nation.
### Democratic Transitions and Military Rule:
- Pakistan experienced periods of democratic governance interspersed with military rule. The country witnessed its first military coup in 1958, and military interventions occurred at various points in its history.
### Contemporary Pakistan:
- In recent decades, Pakistan has faced challenges such as political instability, economic issues, and counter-terrorism efforts. It continues to play a crucial role in regional geopolitics and has made strides in economic development, technology, and social reforms.
The history of the Islamic Republic of Pakistan is a multifaceted narrative, shaped by diverse cultures, religious influences, and political dynamics. Its journey reflects the resilience and determination of its people to forge a distinct identity in the tapestry of global history. |
| Geography |
| Continent: |
Asia |
| Land Area: |
12,552.85 sq. km |
| Terrain: |
The Islamic Republic of Pakistan, located in South Asia, boasts a diverse and varied terrain that encompasses a range of geographical features. The country's landscape is shaped by the convergence of multiple mountain ranges, expansive plains, fertile river valleys, and a vast coastline. Here is a detailed description of the terrain of Pakistan:
### Mountain Ranges:
**1. **Himalayan Range:**
- The northernmost region of Pakistan is dominated by the towering peaks of the Himalayas. This majestic range includes some of the world's highest mountains, such as K2, the second-highest peak on Earth.
**2. **Karakoram Range:**
- Adjacent to the Himalayas lies the Karakoram Range, renowned for its rugged terrain and numerous peaks exceeding 7,000 meters. This region is home to glaciers, including the Siachen Glacier, one of the largest outside the polar regions.
**3. **Hindu Kush Range:**
- Stretching across the northwestern part of the country, the Hindu Kush Range contributes to Pakistan's mountainous terrain, characterized by deep valleys and steep slopes.
### Plateaus and Plains:
**1. **Balochistan Plateau:**
- The southwestern region features the Balochistan Plateau, marked by arid landscapes, plateaus, and rugged hills. The region is sparsely populated and experiences extreme temperatures.
**2. **Punjab Plains:**
- The fertile plains of Punjab, formed by the Indus River, are a significant agricultural heartland. These plains support a dense population and contribute substantially to Pakistan's agricultural output.
**3. **Sindh Plains:**
- To the southeast, the Sindh Plains are characterized by flat, low-lying terrain adjacent to the Arabian Sea. The Indus Delta, where the mighty Indus River meets the sea, forms a distinctive feature in this region.
### River Systems:
**1. **Indus River:**
- The Indus, one of the world's longest rivers, flows through the heart of Pakistan. Its basin is a critical source of water for agriculture, and the river plays a central role in the country's irrigation system.
**2. **Jhelum, Chenab, Ravi, Beas, and Sutlej:**
- These tributaries of the Indus River traverse the landscape, irrigating vast areas and contributing to the agricultural productivity of the plains.
### Coastal Areas:
**1. **Arabian Sea Coast:**
- Pakistan has a coastline along the Arabian Sea in the south, providing access to the sea. The coastal region includes the important port city of Karachi and features diverse ecosystems, including mangrove forests.
### Deserts:
**1. **Thar Desert:**
- Straddling the border with India, the Thar Desert in southeastern Pakistan is a vast arid region characterized by rolling sand dunes and sparse vegetation.
### Conclusion:
The terrain of the Islamic Republic of Pakistan is a testament to the country's geographical diversity. From the soaring peaks of the Himalayas and Karakoram to the fertile plains of Punjab, the landscapes of Pakistan offer a mosaic of ecosystems that contribute to the nation's cultural, agricultural, and ecological richness. This diverse terrain not only shapes the livelihoods of the Pakistani people but also adds to the country's scenic beauty and natural resources. |
| Highest Peak: |
Mt. Godwin-Austen, 8,611 meters |
| Lowest Valley: |
Badgir Gol, -85 meters |
| Climate: |
The Islamic Republic of Pakistan exhibits a diverse climate influenced by its geographical features, including mountains, plateaus, plains, and coastal areas. The country experiences four distinct seasons, each characterized by unique weather patterns. Here is a comprehensive description of the climate in Pakistan:
### 1. **Northern Highlands:**
The northern regions, including the Himalayas and Karakoram mountain ranges, have a cold mountain climate. Winters are severe, with heavy snowfall, and temperatures often drop below freezing. Summers are relatively mild, providing a respite from the harsh winter conditions.
### 2. **Northwestern Plateau:**
The northwestern regions, including Balochistan, have a desert climate. Summers are extremely hot, with temperatures soaring above 40°C (104°F). Winters are milder, but nighttime temperatures can still be chilly. This region experiences low annual precipitation and is prone to drought conditions.
### 3. **Indus Plains:**
The vast plains of Punjab and Sindh, formed by the Indus River, have a predominantly arid to semi-arid climate. Summers are hot, with temperatures often exceeding 40°C (104°F), while winters are relatively mild. The majority of the country's population resides in these plains, where agriculture is a primary economic activity.
### 4. **Coastal Areas:**
The coastal areas along the Arabian Sea, including Karachi, have a tropical climate. Summers are hot and humid, with temperatures around 30-35°C (86-95°F). Winters are mild, and the region experiences occasional rainfall during the monsoon season, contributing to higher humidity levels.
### 5. **Thar Desert:**
The Thar Desert, located in southeastern Pakistan, has a hot desert climate. Summers are scorching, with daytime temperatures exceeding 45°C (113°F), while winters are relatively mild. Sandstorms are not uncommon in this arid region.
### 6. **Monsoon Season:**
The monsoon season, typically from July to September, brings rainfall to various parts of the country, especially the northern and northeastern regions. This seasonal rainfall is crucial for agriculture, replenishing water reservoirs and supporting crop growth.
### 7. **Seasonal Variations:**
Pakistan experiences distinct seasons:
- **Spring (March to May):** Mild temperatures and blossoming landscapes.
- **Summer (June to August):** Hot temperatures, especially in the plains and deserts.
- **Autumn (September to November):** Cooling temperatures and harvest season.
- **Winter (December to February):** Cold temperatures, snowfall in northern regions, and cool, dry conditions in the plains.
### Conclusion:
The diverse climate of the Islamic Republic of Pakistan reflects the country's varied topography, from the high mountains of the north to the coastal plains in the south. This climate diversity plays a crucial role in shaping the economy, influencing agricultural practices, and contributing to the cultural richness of the nation. The resilience of the Pakistani people is evident as they adapt to and thrive in these varied climatic conditions. |
| People & Society |
| Population: |
652,747 people |
| Demonym: |
Pakistani |
| Demonym Plural: |
Pakistanis |
| Ethnic Groups: |
Punjabis - 44.7%
Pashtuns - 18.2%
Sindhis - 14.1% |
| Languages: |
Punjabi - 38.7%
Pashto - 18.2%
Sindhi - 14.5% |
| Religions: |
Islam - 96.4%
Hinduism - 2.1%
Christianity - 1.3% |
| Health |
| Life Expectancy: |
69 years |
| Obesity: |
50% |
| Alcohol Users: |
1% |
| Tobacco Users: |
13.4% |
| Cannabis Users: |
3.6% |
| Hard Drug Users: |
3.3% |
| Economy |
| Description: |
Pakistan, located in South Asia, has a mixed economy with agriculture, manufacturing, and services sectors contributing to its GDP. It faces various economic challenges, including fiscal deficits, inflation, and external debt.
Key Economic Sectors:
Agriculture:
Agriculture plays a crucial role in Pakistan's economy, employing a significant portion of the workforce. Major crops include wheat, rice, sugarcane, and cotton. However, the sector faces challenges such as water scarcity, outdated farming practices, and limited mechanization.
Manufacturing:
The manufacturing sector encompasses textiles, chemicals, food processing, and machinery. Textiles are a vital component, contributing significantly to export earnings. The government aims to diversify manufacturing and enhance value addition.
Services:
The services sector has grown in importance, with finance, telecommunications, and IT services making notable contributions. The financial sector has seen reforms, and the IT industry has shown growth potential.
Trade and Foreign Exchange:
Exports and Imports:
Pakistan exports textiles, rice, leather goods, and pharmaceuticals. Imports include petroleum, machinery, and chemicals. The trade balance has been a concern, with a trade deficit, though remittances from overseas Pakistanis contribute significantly.
Foreign Reserves:
Maintaining adequate foreign exchange reserves is essential. Periodic challenges arise, and the country often seeks support from international financial institutions to stabilize its external position.
Macroeconomic Challenges:
Fiscal Deficits:
Pakistan faces recurring fiscal deficits, leading to a reliance on borrowing. Managing government spending and revenue collection remains a challenge.
Inflation:
Inflation has been a persistent issue, impacting the cost of living for citizens. Managing inflationary pressures is a key macroeconomic goal.
Debt:
Pakistan has faced challenges related to a high level of external debt. Managing and servicing this debt is a priority for economic stability.
Investment and Infrastructure:
Infrastructure Development:
Infrastructure projects, including energy and transportation initiatives, are underway. Investments in these areas are crucial for economic development.
Foreign Direct Investment (FDI):
Efforts are being made to attract foreign investment, with sectors such as energy, manufacturing, and technology identified as areas for potential FDI.
Social and Economic Challenges:
Unemployment and Poverty:
Unemployment and poverty levels remain significant concerns. Addressing these issues requires sustained efforts and targeted policies.
Education and Health:
Investing in education and healthcare is vital for human capital development. Improving these sectors contributes to long-term economic growth.
Government Reforms:
Ease of Doing Business:
The government has focused on improving the business environment and reducing bureaucratic hurdles to attract investment.
Tax Reforms:
Efforts are ongoing to reform the tax system to enhance revenue collection and ensure a fair and transparent tax regime. |
| Average Yearly Income: |
$53.79 |
| Gross Domestic Product (GDP): |
$532,375,855.00 |
| GDP per Capita: |
$815.59 |
| Gross National Income (GNI): |
$231,552,350.00 |
| Industries: |
**1. Textile Industry:
The textile sector is a cornerstone of Pakistan's industrial landscape, contributing significantly to exports and employment. The industry includes the production of cotton yarn, fabrics, and finished garments. Pakistan is known for its cotton production, and the textile sector plays a crucial role in foreign exchange earnings.
**2. Manufacturing and Processing:
Pakistan has diverse manufacturing industries, including food processing, pharmaceuticals, chemicals, and cement production. The manufacturing sector contributes to value addition and economic growth. The food and pharmaceutical industries have shown notable growth.
**3. Information Technology (IT) and Software Development:
The IT sector in Pakistan has seen substantial growth, with a focus on software development, outsourcing, and IT services. Cities like Karachi and Lahore have become hubs for IT companies and startups. The government is promoting policies to enhance the IT industry's global competitiveness.
**4. Automobile Industry:
The automobile sector in Pakistan includes the manufacturing of cars, motorcycles, and auto parts. Both local and international automotive companies operate in the country. The industry has witnessed expansions and collaborations with global players.
**5. Energy and Power:
The energy sector, encompassing power generation and distribution, is crucial for industrial and economic development. Efforts are being made to address energy shortages, and projects related to renewable energy sources, such as wind and solar, are being pursued.
**6. Construction and Real Estate:
Construction and real estate play a significant role in Pakistan's economy. The sector includes residential and commercial construction, infrastructure development, and urban planning. Mega projects aim to enhance infrastructure and provide housing solutions.
**7. Financial Services:
The financial services sector, including banking and insurance, is vital for economic stability and growth. The State Bank of Pakistan regulates the banking sector, and efforts are ongoing to enhance financial inclusion and digital banking.
**8. Telecommunications:
The telecommunications industry has seen rapid growth, with increased mobile phone penetration and internet connectivity. Mobile network operators and internet service providers contribute to connectivity and communication infrastructure.
**9. Agriculture and Agribusiness:
Agriculture is a key sector, providing raw materials for various industries. Agribusiness includes food processing, dairy, and poultry industries. Efforts are being made to modernize farming practices and enhance agricultural productivity.
**10. Pharmaceuticals:
The pharmaceutical industry is a growing sector, manufacturing a wide range of medicines and healthcare products. The industry contributes to domestic healthcare needs and exports pharmaceutical products.
Challenges and Opportunities:
Infrastructure Development: Improving infrastructure is crucial for industrial growth.
Ease of Doing Business: Reforms to enhance the business environment and reduce bureaucracy.
Skill Development: Investments in education and skill development for a competitive workforce.
Energy Security: Addressing energy challenges to ensure reliable power supply. |
| Military |
| History: |
**1. Pakistan Army:
The Pakistan Army is the largest component of the country's military forces and plays a central role in ensuring national security. Key features include:
Personnel: The army has a significant active-duty force, supported by reserve and paramilitary components. It is known for its professionalism and has participated in various conflicts and peacekeeping missions.
Equipment: The army is equipped with a variety of modern and legacy weapons and equipment. It includes armored divisions, artillery, infantry, and special forces units.
Strategic Command: The Army Strategic Forces Command (ASFC) is responsible for Pakistan's nuclear arsenal, ensuring its security and readiness.
**2. Pakistan Navy:
The Pakistan Navy is tasked with safeguarding maritime interests and securing sea borders. Key features include:
Fleet: The navy maintains a fleet of ships, submarines, and aircraft. It has patrol vessels, frigates, submarines, and aviation assets for maritime surveillance.
Naval Aviation: The Pakistan Navy operates maritime patrol aircraft and helicopters to enhance its surveillance and response capabilities.
Strategic Assets: The navy also plays a role in the protection of Pakistan's maritime interests, including the defense of its Exclusive Economic Zone (EEZ).
**3. Pakistan Air Force (PAF):
The Pakistan Air Force is responsible for aerial defense and maintaining air superiority. Key features include:
Aircraft Fleet: The PAF operates a mix of modern fighter jets, including JF-17 Thunder, F-16 Fighting Falcons, and various other platforms for reconnaissance and electronic warfare.
Air Defense Systems: The air force is equipped with air defense systems to safeguard Pakistani airspace.
Training: The PAF places a strong emphasis on pilot training and professional development.
**4. Paramilitary Organizations:
Several paramilitary organizations complement the main branches of the military, playing roles in internal security, border control, and counterterrorism operations. Key paramilitary forces include:
Pakistan Rangers: Responsible for border security and maintaining law and order in urban areas.
Frontier Corps: Operates in the border regions, assisting the army in maintaining security.
Strategic Challenges and Priorities:
India-Pakistan Relations: The military maintains a focus on the long-standing security dynamics with India, particularly in the context of the Kashmir dispute.
Counterterrorism: Pakistan faces internal security challenges, and its military is actively involved in counterterrorism operations.
Strategic Partnerships: Pakistan has strategic partnerships with countries like China and the United States, influencing defense acquisitions and international cooperation.
Nuclear Capability:
Pakistan possesses nuclear weapons and maintains a policy of credible minimum deterrence. The military oversees the security and operational readiness of Pakistan's nuclear arsenal. |
| Soldiers: |
0 |
| Tanks: |
0 |
| Aircraft: |
0 |
| Ships: |
40 |
| Missiles: |
5 |
| Nuclear Weapons: |
0 |
| Last Updated: 12/29/2023 11:17 pm |
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